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clarified the HEAD~2 root commit issue and suggested using --root or creating an initial commit (#10569)

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Adam Djellouli 2025-04-24 21:36:05 +02:00 committed by GitHub
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topics/git/solutions/squashing_commits.md
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## Git - Squashing Commits - Solution
1. In a git repository, create a new file with the content "Mario" and commit the change
1. In a git repository, create a new file with the content "Mario" and commit the change:
```
echo "Mario" > new_file
git add new_file
echo "Mario" -> new_file
git commit -a -m "New file"
git commit -m "New file"
```
2. Make change to the content of the file you just created so the content is "Mario & Luigi" and create another commit
2. Make a change to the content of the file you just created so it becomes "Mario & Luigi," then create another commit:
```
echo "Mario & Luigi" > new_file
git commit -a -m "Added Luigi"
```
3. Verify you have two separate commits - `git log`
3. Verify you have two separate commits by running:
4. Squash the two commits you've created into one commit
```
git log
```
4. Squash the two commits you've created into one commit:
```
git rebase -i HEAD~2
@ -31,19 +34,25 @@ pick 5412076 New file
pick 4016808 Added Luigi
```
Change `pick` to `squash`
Change `pick` to `squash`:
```
pick 5412076 New file
squash 4016808 Added Luigi
```
Save it and provide a commit message for the squashed commit
Save it and provide a commit message for the squashed commit.
> **Note**: If running `git rebase -i HEAD~2` returns a fatal error (e.g., "invalid upstream 'HEAD~2'"), that usually means your second commit is actually the root commit and there's no valid parent before it. In that case, you can either:
> * Use `git rebase -i --root` to allow rewriting the root commit, **or**
> * Create an initial commit before these two commits so that `HEAD~2` points to valid commits.
### After you complete the exercise
Answer the following:
**Answer the following:**
* What is the reason for squashing commits? - history becomes cleaner and it's easier to track changes without commit like "removed a character" for example.
* Is it possible to squash more than 2 commits? - yes
* **What is the reason for squashing commits?**
History becomes cleaner and it's easier to track changes without many small commits like "removed a character," for example.
* **Is it possible to squash more than 2 commits?**
Yes.